Chicago Format & Citation Style: Author-Date, 17th Edition

In-text citations should follow these general guidelines:

• An in-text citation lists the author's surname and the year of publication, enclosed in parentheses
• If the author's name is mentioned in the text, only the year of publication appears in the citation
• The date should immediately follow the author’s name, even if the name is used in the possessive
• Citation of direct quotations must include the page number where the quotation appeared
• Page numbers are also required when paraphrasing specific information or citing secondary citations
• Page numbers included in a parenthetical citation should follow the year and be separated by a comma
• When citing 2 or 3 authors, use 'and' to separate surnames
• When citing 4 or more authors, use the first author's surname followed by 'et al.'
• If no author is provided, use a shortened version of the title
• If no date is provided, use n.d. following the author's surname and a comma
• When citing multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year, add a, b, c, and so on after the year to differentiate the references
• For different authors with the same surname, include initials before the surname
• For multiple in-text citations within one set of parentheses, alphabetize citations by first author and use a semicolon to separate citations
• If citing a secondary source, include both the original and secondary sources
• An in-text citation may appear anywhere in a sentence, provided that it follows a direct quote or paraphrase
• When including an in-text citation at the end of a sentence, the ending punctuation should follow the parentheses

References: General Guidelines

References should follow these general rules and guidelines:

• A list of references is located at the end of your paper
• Title your page References
• Sources cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa
• Citations are single-spaced, with a double space between entries
• The first line of a reference list entry is left justified (flush left), and all subsequent lines are indented five spaces (this is called a "hanging indent")
• A reference list entry lists the author, year, title, and facts of publication, in that order
• Elements are separated by periods; facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses
• Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by author's last name (unless your instructor provides different instructions.
• Authors’ full names are used with the first author's name inverted
• List all authors in a reference list entry, no matter how many
• If there is no author provided, alphabetize using the next element in the citation (generally the title)
• If there is no date provided, use 'n.d." in place of the year
• Titles are capitalized headline-style
• Titles of books and journals appear in italics; article titles and titles of book chapters, essays, and short stories appear in "quotes"
• Page numbers are only given when the item is a part of a whole work, such as a chapter in a book or an article in a journal
• Noun forms such as editor, translator, and edition are abbreviated, but verb forms such as 'edited by' and 'translated by' are spelled out
• If there are two or more works by the same author(s), arrange those citations chronologically by year of publication in ascending order
• If there are two or more works by the same author(s) in the same year, differentiate by adding a, b, c, and so on after the year
• Always include an electronic source's DOI, if available
• If an online item does not have a DOI, cite the URL or name of library database
• Access dates for electronic sources are not required unless no date of publication or last revision can be determined

Sample Bibliography

Bibliography

Armstrong, H. Clay. History of Escambia County Florida. St. Augustine, FL: The Record Company
Printers, 1930.

Brock, Ira. “Collins Dedicates Span.” The Pensacola Journal, November 1, 1960.

Boyd, Mark F. “The First American Road in Florida: Papers Relating to the Survey and Construction of the
Pensacola-St. Augustine Highway Part 1.” The Florida Historical Quarterly 14, no. 2 (October 1935):
73-106.

Cole, John W. “Pensacola Bridge Opens June 12-13.” The Frisco Employees’ Magazine, June 1931.

Dunlap, Deborah, Betty Ann Copeland Johnson, Tracey L Martin. Remember When Volume Three…A
Pictorial Journey of Gulf Breeze. Pensacola: Bay Shore Publishing Group, 2002.

Huggins, William. L., Jr. “Pensacola Bridge Dedication Attracts 20,000 People.” The Frisco Employees'
Magazine, July 1931.

Mayes Printing Company. Program Opening Celebration Pensacola Bridge and Pensacola Beach on
the Gulf. Pensacola, FL: Mayes Printing Company, 1931.

McGovern, James R. ”Pensacola, Florida: A Military City in the New South.” The Florida Historical
Quarterly 59, no. 1 (July 1980): 24-41.

------. The Emergence of a City in the Modern South: Pensacola 1900-1945. Leon Springs, FL: Painter,
1976.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ”Pensacola Bay Nautical Chart.” NOAA Nautical
Chart On-Line Viewer. Last modified December 2012. Accessed April 2, 2012.
http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/11383.shtml.

Rucker, Brian R. Treasures of the Panhandle. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011.

------. “A Description of Santa Rosa Peninsula in 1925.” Gulf Coast Historical Review 3, no. 2 (1988):
66-81.

State Road Department. Florida Highways. Tallahassee: State Road Department, 1930.

Tomerlin, Lysle. “Thousands View Dedication of Span and Beach.” The Pensacola Journal, June 15,
1931.

Zarnowitz, Victor. Business Cycles: Theory, History, Indicators, and Forecasting. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1992.